Which countries will have more unemployment in 2015?

A report by the International Labour Organization, recently released, analyzes the present and the future of unemployment in the world. The prediction is that the year that Mauritania is the country with more unemployment in the world, with a 30.6% of its population without employment, followed by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and the island of Reunion, with a 29.8% and 29.3% respectively. Lesotho, is located in fourth place with 28.6%, and with half a point, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Then Spain and Greece are 27% and, further away, with a 25.1% South Africa, the island of Guadeloupe with a 24.5% and Swaziland, with 23.5%.

At the other end, the countries that recorded less than 1% of unemployed are Cambodia (0.4%), Qatar and Rwanda (both 0.6%) and Thailand, with a 0.9%.

The Agency experts stressed that both the economies of rich countries as in the European Union, the conditions of the labour market have shown no signs of improvement in 2013. In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe - that are not members of the EU--and former Soviet republics fall in the number of registered jobs since the beginning of the crisis in 2009 was reversed in 2013.

 Opportunities in Latin America and Caribbean

In other regions, such as Latin America and Caribbean, is continued creating employment, in contrast to East Asia, where the figures were much lower. In South-East Asia and Oceania, the increase was 1.6% in 2013 and higher growth is expected in the next few years. In South Asian labor markets still cornered by agricultural jobs and economy, with low-paying jobs and without protection.

In Middle East and North Africa, economic growth was insufficient to generate one sufficient number of jobs and unemployment rates continue to be of the highest in the world. Finally, in sub-Saharan Africa, paid jobs are still very few, with a rate of unstable employment from 77.4% in 2013, the highest in the world.

Five trends in the U.S. labor market

An article published in the section of economy of CNN highlights five trends that, beyond the figures of unemployment, may go unnoticed.

The first is that, currently, 139 million people on payroll in the United States, the figure most ever recorded in the history. The reason is the increase of the population, although 9 million people remain unemployed.

The second key point is that one-third of the workers are self-employed, more than 50 million people: in 2006, the report of the Government Bureau of statistics indicated that the percentage was 31%, which has a 34%, according to a survey of the Freelancers Union. Another study, conducted by Intuit, calculates that it will be 40% in 2020 given the trend of workers under 35 years to become self-employed.

 The third figure is worrying: approximately five million between 16 - 24 years old are NEET: one in seven youths neither studying nor working, said the report by the Social Science Research Council last year. In some neighborhoods, percentage rises to 30%, with racial correlations, especially in young African Americans and latinos. However, the number of unemployed young people of these ages is 13.6%, the lowest since the recession, began as it details the Bureau of labor statistics.

The penultimate data also draws attention, since women still earning less money that men - only 82% - despite the fact that they perform the same work. A report by the Institute of research of policies for women, stresses that females full-time earn less money than men in 101 of the 112 works studied. The salary differences are even greater in many of the best paid jobs as developers of software and CEOs, financial managers.

Finally, the latest trend to take into account is that about 10,000 baby-boomer - generation born in lathe to 1945 - retire every day, which could lead to some 30 million vacancies in 2020. In addition, these pensioners will require medical attention, so new opportunities for doctors, nurses, caregivers and others will come up personal healthcare.

Greater employment flexibility reduces stress

A recent study, published last March in The American Sociological Review and which made echo the New York Times, has tried to explain if the stress of working life conflicts may be alleviated if the employees have more control over their schedules, including the possibility of working at home. As expected, the answer is Yes.

In the study, funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of United States, participated in a large multinational information technology department. The researchers included psychologists, physiologists, economists and academic experts in public health.

As part of the investigation, the heads of department were trained to encourage them to show support for the family and personal lives of employees, said Erin Kelly, Professor of sociology at the University of Minnesota and one of the main authors of the study. Then, gave employees more control over their schedules to what it was before. They "were free to work where and when to prefer, provided that the work was done", explained.

The results were that employees nearly doubled the amount of time working at home, reaching an average of 19.6 hours in front of 10.2 start times. The total number of hours worked remained more or less at the same level. For Professor Kelly, the fact of focusing on outcomes rather than time spent in the office and the reduction in the number of  "low value" meetings and other tasks, helped employees achieve greater flexibility.

In comparison with another group that did not have the same flexibility, workers interviewed by the researchers indicated that they felt happier and were less stressed, they had more energy and were using their time more effectively, added Kelly. There was no sign that the quality of work improved or worsened with the changed times, it concluded.

Do we lie more to our bosses in the morning or in the afternoon?

An article published in the journal Psychological Science, and that The Atlantic has echoed, describes the influence of the hours of the day for ethical behaviors. The research, led by Maryam Kouchaki (Center for study of ethics Harvard University Edmond J. Safra) and Isaac H. Smith (Department of management, University of Utah) were analyzed in four experiments if we lie more in the morning or in the afternoon: both high school students and a sample of the U.S. population behaves more ethics (without lying or copying in exams) in the morning.

This "morality morning effect", named for the authors of the work, was mediated by the decline of the moral conscience and self-control of the afternoon. On the other hand, the effect of the time of day in the unethical behavior was stronger in people less prone to disassociate itself from the point of view of morality. For researchers, these results highlight the fact that a simple factor as widespread as the time of day has important implications for moral behavior.

Taking this research as a starting point, another group of researchers wondered if the moral effect of the morning may miss a described element of sleep research: that people have specific cronotype. I.e. that you are predisposed to the sense of alert in different times of the day because the moral effect of the morning, as they noted, does not consider the part of the population - from approximately 40 per cent-whose vitality flourishes as they pass the hours of the day. These scientists have carried out a study in this regard, that it will be also published in Psychological Science, and showing that a night person is approximately three times more likely to behave in a unethical in the morning than a person's morning habits.

"An important aspect of this research is not morning people have more moral, in reality is the combination which is more important: people who like most morning is more ethics in the morning, but people who like more night are more ethical by night", said Sunita Shah, co-author of the study and an Assistant Professor of business ethics at Georgetown University, in Washington.

Where to begin to find the first job?

Entering the labour market today, is a complicated process. In Spain, for example, the 24.47% unemployment figures lead to that, for any vacancy, dozens of candidates are submitted. But in any case it must be discouraged, the options are numerous: experts recommend to start with social networks, understood as family, friends, neighbours, classmates...

A second step, upload profile on social networks in search of employment as Marketjob.net and official organizations. Another interesting option are employment bureau and practices that tend to offer universities (don't forget the bulletin boards), foundations and training centres, professional bodies and business associations. Large firms also tend to have sections on their web pages that are periodically updating your needs in different positions.

Employment of major national and regional newspapers Sunday supplements - often coloured salmon - are another good source in which to search, as well as temporary employment companies. An option increasingly on the rise are the halls of employment, which is interesting to go with various hardcopies of the curriculum to go them leaving in the stands of the companies that we could fit. 

The first curriculum 

Elaborate the first curriculum in this process is essential: must beware that it is flawless, no spelling mistakes and giving priority to training above the obvious lack of experience, with clarity and without spreading. More and gain more weight languages - learn them is essential in a globalized world-, the domain of the social networks and the digital environment and the realization of volunteering, by what has been done in these fields should be noted. The opening of a blog with views of value in the workplace we are interested can be another interesting differential value. 

A capital advice is not to never lie or inventing skills or activities that you possess or have been made.